Neuropsychological, neuroimaging and autopsy findings of butane encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Butane is an aliphatic hydrocarbon used in various commercial products. While numerous reports of sudden cardiac-related deaths from butane inhalation have been described, butane-associated acute encephalopathy has rarely been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A 38-year-old man presented with cognitive dysfunction after butane gas inhalation. Neuropsychological test results showed impairments in verbal and visual memory, and frontal executive function. Diffusion weighted MRI revealed symmetric high-signal changes in the bilateral hippocampus and globus pallidus. FDG-PET demonstrated decreased glucose metabolism in the bilateral precuneus and occipital areas and the left temporal region. At the 8-month follow-up, he showed still significant deficits in memory and frontal functions. Diffuse cortical atrophy with white matter hyperintensities and extensive glucose hypometabolism were detected on follow-up MRI and FDG-PET, respectively. Brain autopsy demonstrated necrosis and cavitary lesions in the globus pallidus. CONCLUSIONS: Only a few cases of butane encephalopathy have been reported to date. Brain lesions associated with butane encephalopathy include lesions in the bilateral thalamus, insula, putamen, and cerebellum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on bilateral hippocampal and globus pallidal involvement in acute butane encephalopathy. The pathophysiology of central nervous system complications induced by butane intoxication is not yet fully understood. However, the direct toxic effects of butane or anoxic injury secondary to cardiac arrest or respiratory depression have been suggested as possible mechanisms of edematous changes in the brain after butane intoxication.

Histological subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma: Their clinical and prognostic significance.

Assigning a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to an appropriate subtype is important because this guarantees the diagnosis and treatment and allows decisions regarding the prognosis of the patient. HCC subtyping is usually based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and the 2019 fifth edition is the latest version. However, the WHO classification system is still in evolution and has limited clinical relevance. We aimed to evaluate the clinical relevance of HCC subtyping and to reappraise some of the major subtypes of HCC. Our archived cases (n = 589) were reclassified according to the 2019 WHO system. The percentage of each subtype was mostly similar to that in the WHO classification. However, on the contrary to the 2019 WHO system, clear cell type HCC was associated with more frequent recurrence or metastasis. Meanwhile, macrotrabecular massive HCC was related to poor prognosis as demonstrated in the 2019 WHO system and should be described in the pathology report. For steatohepatitic HCC, there is a debate on whether it is a true subtype because the steatohepatitis morphology may or may not be present in the background liver. In our study, 44 % of steatohepatitic HCCs (n = 19/43) presented underlying steatohepatitis. Additionally, the background cirrhosis did not influence survival in the HCC patients, although the 2019 WHO system indicates the presence of cirrhosis as a poor prognostic factor. In conclusion, although it is not perfect yet, HCC subtyping based on the 2019 WHO system provides valuable information to manage patients with HCC.

The stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, cancer stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and B7-H4 expression in ovarian serous carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: B7-H4 is expressed in various types of cancers and its expression inversely correlates with the degree of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Studies have shown the relationship between B7-H4, cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various cancers. However, very few studies have investigated the relationship between B7-H4, TILs, cancer stemness, and EMT in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The present study aimed to elucidate whether B7-H4 is involved in immune evasion and examine whether B7-H4 is associated with cancer stemness or EMT in ovarian serous carcinoma, the most common type of EOC. The clinical significance of B7-H4 was also investigated to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target. METHODS: A total of 145 patients included in this study. The degree of stromal TILs was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides. Immunohistochemical analysis of B7-H4, CSC-related biomarkers (CD24, CD44s, CD133, and ALDH1), and EMT-related biomarkers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin) was performed using tissue microarray. qRT-PCR for VTCN1, CD24, CD44, PROM1, ALDH1, CDH1, CDH2, and VIM genes was performed on 38 frozen tissue samples. The mRNA expression levels were analyzed using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) online analysis tool. RESULTS: B7-H4 protein expression positively correlated with the degree of stromal TILs. CD24, CD44s, and CD133 expression showed a positive correlation with B7-H4 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels, but ALDH1 correlated only at the protein level. E-cadherin expression was positively correlated with B7-H4 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels. N-cadherin and vimentin expression was inversely related to B7-H4 expression only at the mRNA level. B7-H4 positive patients were associated with higher tumor grade and lower overall survival rate than B7-H4 negative patients, especially in ovarian serous carcinoma with low stromal TILs. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that B7-H4 may not be involved in the immune evasion mechanism, but is involved in cancer stemness and mesenchymal-epithelial transition. In addition, B7-H4 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian serous carcinoma, especially with low stromal TILs.

Serum progranulin is not associated with rs5848 polymorphism in Korean patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

Low serum progranulin (PGRN) is known to be associated with granulin (GRN) gene mutation and T alleles of GRN rs5848 polymorphism. However, there have been only a few Asian studies exploring these. We investigated the serum PGRN levels, rs5848 genotypes, and their relations with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in the Korean population. Serum PGRN levels, GRN rs5848 polymorphism, and GRN mutations were evaluated in 239 participants (22 cognitively unimpaired participants and 217 patients with neurodegenerative diseases). CSF AD biomarkers were also evaluated in 214 participants. There was no significant difference in the serum PGRN levels among the diagnostic groups. We could not find any GRN mutation carrier in our sample. The differences in the frequencies of the rs5848 genotypes among the clinical groups or the effects of the rs5848 genotypes on serum PGRN were not observed. There was no correlation between the serum PGRN level or rs5848 genotype and CSF AD biomarkers. Neither the T allele nor the TT genotype had an effect on the development of AD. Our results showed that serum PGRN levels were not associated with rs5848 genotypes, indicating that multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms might affect PGRN concentrations in an ethnicity-specific manner.

Atypical Young-onset Dementia in Cerebral Thromboangiitis Obliterans: A Case Report.

Young-onset dementia (YOD, age at onset below 45 y) has a broad differential diagnosis. We describe a 41-year-old man with atypical manifestations of YOD syndrome in cerebral thromoboangiitis obliterans (CTAO). Extensive antemortem workup including clinical assessment, laboratory investigations, neuroimaging, and genetic testing did not elucidate a diagnosis. Postmortem neuropathologic examination revealed cortical sickle-shaped granular atrophy, resulting from numerous remote infarcts and cortical microinfarcts that mainly affected the bilateral frontal and parietal lobe, confirming CTAO. Although CTAO is a rare cause of vascular dementia, it should be considered as one of the differentials in patients with YOD with a history of heavy smoking and presence of symmetric damages of watershed-territory on neuroimaging.

Expression and prognostic significance of Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 in colorectal cancer: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy of the large intestine, whose development and prognosis have been demonstrated to be associated with altered lipid metabolism. High cholesterol intake is associated with an increased risk of CRC, and elevated serum cholesterol levels are known to be correlated with risk of developing CRC. Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), a target of ezetimibe, plays an essential role in the absorption of intestinal cholesterol. However, whether the altered expression of NPC1L1 affects CRC development and prognosis is currently unknown. METHODS: Data corresponding to patients with CRC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCAG). Datasets from the Genome Data Analysis Center (GDAC) platform were analyzed to compare the expression of NPC1L1 in normal and CRC tissues using the Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test. Further, the datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were analyzed. The log-rank test and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were performed to determine whether NPC1L1 significantly affects the prognosis of CRC. RESULTS: The expression of NPC1L1 was found to be upregulated in CRC and was significantly associated with the N and pathological stages but not with the histological type, age, and sex. Increased NPC1L1 expression in CRC was related to poor patient survival, as evidenced by the Kaplan-Meier and multivariate regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: As high expression of NPC1L1 was associated with CRC development, pathological stage, and prognosis, NPC1L1 can serve as an independent prognostic marker for CRC.

An autopsy case of sodium nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia with various post-mortem analyses.

The use of sodium nitrite in suicide has become more common among young adults in the Republic of Korea. This report details the case of a 28-year-old man; the man had posted on a social network service detailing his attempt at suicide at 13:45. In the posted article, he stated that he had ingested 84 g of sodium nitrite. A post-mortem (PM) inspection was performed at 21:00, and peripheral blood (PB) was collected. An autopsy was performed approximately 44 h after death. The victim's face was dark brown in color, but the color of his oral mucosa was bright red. Toxicological analyses revealed 33% and 26% methemoglobinemia in the PB collected during PM inspection and autopsy, respectively. The concentration of nitrate in the PB collected during PM inspection, and PB and cardiac blood collected during the autopsy were 220.6 mg/L, 220.0 mg/L, and 218.5 mg/L, respectively. Nitrate was also detected in the pericardial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid at levels of 91.7 mg/L and 50.5 mg/L, respectively. The cause of death was determined to be methemoglobinemia-induced hypoxia due to sodium nitrite ingestion. This intoxication case informs some novel points about nitrite intoxication; the concentration of methemoglobin decreased during the PM period, while the concentration of nitrate was stable. There was no difference in the concentration of nitrate between cardiac and peripheral blood. Nitrate could be detected in the pericardial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid. This new information is helpful for better identifying future cases of nitrite intoxication.

Comparison of Amyloid in Cerebrospinal Fluid, Brain Imaging, and Autopsy in a Case of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aß1-42) and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) are the 2 main Alzheimer disease amyloid biomarkers that have been validated in neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer disease cases. Although many studies have shown concordance of amyloid positivity or negativity between CSF Aß1-42 and amyloid PET, several studies also reported discrepancies between these 2 Aß biomarkers. We conducted a comparison of CSF Aß1-42 level, amyloid PET, and autopsy findings in a case with progressive supranuclear palsy in which biomarker acquisition and postmortem pathologic examination were conducted almost at the same time. Our case with antemortem CSF Aß1-42 (+)/amyloid PET (-) who was pathologically confirmed with Aß pathology in the cerebral cortex may indicate CSF Aß1-42 is more sensitive for assessing in vivo Aß than amyloid PET.

Differences in immune-related gene expressions and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes according to chemotherapeutic response in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) of the ovary is the most common subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and has an overall poor prognosis. There is increasing awareness of the importance of immune cell populations and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in various immune pathways in the tumor microenvironment. The present study evaluated immune-related gene expressions and TIL levels, as well as associated chemotherapeutic responses, to elucidate the correlation between gene expression and TIL levels in HGSC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fresh tissue samples from 12 HGSC patients were included in this study. Depending on their response to adjuvant chemotherapy, the patients were divided into two groups: chemosensitive (CS) or chemoresistant (CR). The expression levels of 770 genes were analyzed using the nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel of the NanoString nCounter® Analysis System. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to validate the NanoString data obtained. The TIL levels in representative sections were examined via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Gene and TIL levels were subsequently correlated with the chemotherapeutic response. RESULTS: Several genes were differentially expressed in the two study groups. Eleven representative genes were selected for further evaluation. Of those, 9 genes (IRF1, CXCL9, LTB, CCL5, IL-8, GZMA, PSMB9, CD38, and VCAM1) were significantly overexpressed in the CS group; whereas expressions of 2 genes (CD24 and CD164) were increased in the CR group. Results of qPCR were consistent with those of the NanoString nCounter® analysis. Stromal TIL levels were significantly associated with adjuvant chemotherapeutic response (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences between the CS and CR groups were observed in the expression levels of immune-related genes. Immune-related gene expressions were significantly higher in the CS group, which also had higher levels of TILs. We, therefore, suggest that, in patients with HGSC, immune-related gene expressions and TIL levels may be associated with chemotherapeutic sensitivity.

Validation of the T category for distal cholangiocarcinoma: Measuring the depth of invasion is complex but correlates with survival.

According to the current 8th edition of the American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC), the T category of distal cholangiocarcinomas is classified based on the depth of invasion (DOI) (T1, < 5 mm; T2, between 5 and 12 mm; T3, > 12 mm). In consideration of the discrepancies between previous studies about the prognostic significance, we aimed to validate the current AJCC T staging system of distal cholangiocarcinomas. DOI was measured using three different methods: DOI1, DOI2, and DOI3. DOI1 was defined and stratified according to the AJCC 8th edition. DOI2 was measured as the distance from an imaginary curved line approximated along the distorted mucosal surface to the deepest invasive tumor cells. DOI3 was defined as the total tumor thickness. DOI2 and DOI3 were also divided into three categories using the same cut-off points as in the AJCC 8th edition. We compared these three DOI methods to the AJCC 7th edition as well. In contrast with the AJCC 7th edition, all three groups showed a correlation with patients' overall survival. Above all, the DOI2 group demonstrated the best significance in multivariate analysis. However, when the C indices were compared between these groups, differential significance proved to be negligible (DOI1 vs DOI2, p = 0.915; DOI2 vs DOI3, p = 0.057). Therefore, the measurement of DOI does not need to be rigorously and stringently performed. In conclusion, we showed that the current T classification system better correlates with the overall survival of patients with distal cholangiocarcinomas than the previous system.

Comparison of Diagnostic Performances Between Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers and Amyloid PET in a Clinical Setting.

The diagnostic performances of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) were compared by examining the association and concordance or discordance between CSF Aß1-42 and amyloid PET, after determining our own cut-off values for CSF Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. Furthermore, we evaluated the ability of CSF biomarkers and amyloid PET to predict clinical progression. CSF Aß1-42, t-tau, and p-tau levels were analyzed in 203 individuals [27 normal controls, 38 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 62 AD dementia, and 76 patients with other neurodegenerative diseases] consecutively recruited from two dementia clinics. We used both visual and standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR)-based amyloid PET assessments for analyses. The association of CSF biomarkers with amyloid PET SUVR, hippocampal atrophy, and cognitive function were investigated by linear regression analysis, and the risk of conversion from MCI to AD dementia was assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model. CSF p-tau/Aß1-42 and t-tau/Aß1-42 exhibited the best diagnostic accuracies among the CSF AD biomarkers examined. Correlations were observed between CSF biomarkers and global SUVR, hippocampal volume, and cognitive function. Overall concordance and discordance between CSF Aß1-42 and amyloid PET was 77% and 23%, respectively. Baseline positive CSF Aß1-42 for MCI demonstrated a 5.6-fold greater conversion risk than negative CSF Aß1-42 .  However, amyloid PET findings failed to exhibit significant prognostic value. Therefore, despite presence of a significant correlation between the CSF Aß1-42 level and SUVR of amyloid PET, and a relevant concordance between CSF Aß1-42 and amyloid PET, baseline CSF Aß1-42 better predicted AD conversion.

Gastric-type gene expression and phenotype in non-terminal respiratory unit type adenocarcinoma of the lung with invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma morphology.

AIMS: We sought to determine if non-terminal respiratory unit (TRU) type adenocarcinoma of lung with invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) morphology shows gastric differentiation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We reviewed whole-section images of 489 cases of lung adenocarcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). TCGA data were classified into 426 TRU type adenocarcinoma, 49 IMA and 14 unclassifiable. Their RNA sequencing data was analysed by DESeq2 and WGCNA R packages. Gene expression in patients' samples was measured by NanoString assay. Overexpression of genes including REG4, TFF2, MUCL3, FER1L6, B3GALT5, ANXA10 was observed by TCGA analysis in IMA compared to TRU type adenocarcinoma. Many of these genes are those expressed in normal gastric glands and selected for NanoString experiment on 14 IMA and 10 TRU type adenocarcinoma cases. The expression of genes, including ANXA10, FER1L6, HNF4a, MUC5AC, REG4, TFF1, TFF2 and VSIGI, was increased> 15-fold in IMA. Immunohistochemistry of ANXA10, TFF2 and FER1L6 performed on 31 IMA and 135 TRU type adenocarcinomas showed a predominant expression in IMA, but are not in TRU type adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: Our results showed the level of genes expressed in stomach mucosa was increased in IMA compared to TRU type adenocarcinoma, supporting gastric differentiation of IMA. This finding may help the understanding of the pathogenesis of IMA and discovery of therapeutic targets.

Prognostic Significance of CD109 Expression in Patients with Ovarian Epithelial Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC) is the second-most common gynecologic malignancy. CD109 expression is elevated in human tumor cell lines and carcinomas. A previous study showed that CD109 expression is elevated in human tumor cell lines and CD109 plays a role in cancer progression. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether CD109 is expressed in OEC and can be useful in predicting the prognosis. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for CD109 and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed. Then we compared CD109 expression and chemoresistance, overall survival, and recurrence-free survival of OEC patients. Chemoresistance was evaluated by dividing into good-response group and poor-response group by the time to recurrence after chemotherapy. RESULTS: CD109 expression was associated with overall survival (p = .020), but not recurrence-free survival (p = .290). CD109 expression was not an independent risk factor for overall survival due to its reliability (hazard ratio, 1.58; p = .160; 95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 3.05), although we found that CD109 positivity was related to chemoresistance. The poor-response group showed higher rates of CD109 expression than the good-response group (93.8% vs 66.7%, p = .047). Also, the CD109 mRNA expression level was 2.88 times higher in the poor-response group as compared to the good-response group (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Examining the CD109 expression in patients with OEC may be helpful in predicting survival and chemotherapeutic effect.

Correction to: PD-L1 expression on stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is a favorable prognostic factor in ovarian serous carcinoma.

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors opted to correct the incorrect e-mail address of the corresponding author from 82-55-360-1850chungsu1982@gmail.com to chungsu1982@gmail.com , grant in the Acknowledgements section and Author details. Below are the updated version of the Acknowledgements and Author details.

PD-L1 expression on stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is a favorable prognostic factor in ovarian serous carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: PD-L1 expression levels determined by immunostaining are known to be related to the survival rate and prognosis of patients with various types of cancers, as well as to the therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved an immune checkpoint inhibitor for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer along with the clones used for PD-L1 immunostaining to predict the resulting response. In this study, we performed PD-L1 immunostaining of tissue microarrays from ovarian epithelial cancer using SP263, an approved clone, and examined the effect of PD-L1 expression on survival rate and prognosis. METHODS: Tissue microarrays were constructed from ovarian epithelial cancer tissues of 248 patients and PD-L1 immunostaining was performed using the SP263 clone. PD-L1 expression levels in tumor cells, intraepithelial tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were evaluated, and the effect of PD-L1 expression on survival and prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS: PD-L1 was detected in tumor cells as well as intraepithelial tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. It was most frequently expressed in stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. The Kaplan-Meier curve analysis and log rank test showed that only high stromal PD-L1 expression was associated with increased overall survival in ovarian serous carcinoma. Multivariate and univariate Cox regression analyses revealed that stromal PD-L1 expression was an independent prognostic factor, especially in ovarian serous carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: PD-L1 immunostaining using SP263 was observed in tumor cells as well as intraepithelial and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. PD-L1-expressing stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were associated with an increased overall survival rate and may serve as a favorable prognostic factor in ovarian cancer, particularly serous carcinoma.

Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes evaluated on H&E-stained slides are an independent prognostic factor in epithelial ovarian cancer and ovarian serous carcinoma.

Studies on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) have focused on the clinical significance of inflammatory cells of specific subtypes that are identifiable using immunohistochemistry. However, the subtypes of inflammatory cells that reportedly affect patient survival and prognosis have differed from study to study, and few studies have examined TILs using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the clinical importance of general stromal TILs in EOC by using H&E staining to apply breast cancer recommendations from the International TILs Working Group 2014 on breast cancer using H&E staining. Stromal TILs in 256 EOC cases from Pusan National University Hospital and 475 cases of high-grade serous carcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset were assessed. Stromal TILs were evaluated using H&E-stained slides according to the breast cancer recommendations of the International Working Group 2014, and patients were classified into low and high stromal TIL groups according to their stromal TIL values. The associations of these groups with clinicopathologic factors were assessed, and it was confirmed that group membership correlated with survival and prognosis. According to the χ2 assessment, the stromal TIL group was associated with tumor grade. Furthermore, the stromal TIL group was associated with overall survival according to Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test. Finally, the stromal TIL group was an independent prognostic factor according to univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. In cases of EOC, the evaluation of general stromal TILs on H&E-stained slides could be used to predict prognosis.

Upregulation of P21-Activated Kinase 1 (PAK1)/CREB Axis in Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: p21-activated Ser/Thr kinase 1 (PAK1) is essential for the genesis and development of many cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the PAK1-cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) axis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumorigenesis and its related mechanisms. METHODS: Western blot assay and immunohistochemical staining were employed to investigate the PAK1 and CREB expression in the tissue microarray of human squamous NSCLC. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence confocal assays were performed to determine the link between PAK1 and CREB. NSCLC xenograft models were used to study oncogenic function of PAK1 in vivo. RESULTS: We observed that PAK1 and CREB expression levels were significantly elevated in human squamous NSCLC-tissue specimens, compared with those in adjacent normal bronchial or bronchiolar epithelial-tissue specimens, as well as their phosphorylated forms, based on western blotting. We showed in vitro that PAK1 knockdown by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) blocked CREB phosphorylation, whereas plasmid-based PAK1 overexpression resulted in CREB phosphorylation at Ser133, based on western blotting. In addition, PAK1 interacted with CREB in co-immunoprecipitation assays. Additionally, our in vitro findings detected by flow cytometry revealed that PAK1 silencing attenuated cell cycle progression, inducing apoptosis. Inhibition of PAK1 expression reduced tumor sizes and masses by modulating CREB expression and activation in xenograft models. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a novel mechanism whereby the PAK1-CREB axis drives carcinogenesis of squamous-cell carcinomas, and have important implications in the development of targeted therapeutics for squamous-cell lung cancer.

Early stage memory impairment, visual hallucinations, and myoclonus combined with temporal lobe atrophy predict Alzheimer's disease pathology in corticobasal syndrome.

Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a typical phenotype of corticobasal degeneration (CBD). However, autopsy series have shown that many CBS cases emerge from various types of non-CBD pathology. We report a 73-year-old Korean man who was clinically diagnosed with CBS whose underlying pathology was Alzheimer's disease (AD) at autopsy (CBS-AD). This case suggests that early developing memory impairment and myoclonus, severe temporoparietal atrophy, and visual hallucinations may support a more specific prediction of CBS-AD.